Abstract
PURPOSE: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline in HIV-1-infected patients exposure to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has been widely assessed using linear models, but nonlinear assumption is not well validated. We constructed a retrospective cohort study to assess whether eGFR decline follows nonlinearity during antiviral therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We examined 823 (299 of TDF users and 524 of non-TDF users) treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected participants (age ≥ 17 years, initial eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73m(2)). Estimated GFR trajectories were compared by one-linear and piecewise-linear mixed effects models, before and after propensity score matching, respectively. Whether the incidence of renal dysfunction (reduced renal function [RRF], eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and rapid kidney function decline [RKFD], eGFR > -3 mL/min/1.73 m(2)/year) follows nonlinearity was assessed by logistic regression. RESULTS: The median follow-up time of this study was 10 (interquartile range, 2-20) months, during which 178 (21.6%) experienced RRF, and 451 (54.8%) experienced RKFD. The slopes (mL/min/1.73 m(2)/year) of eGFR were -5.31 (95% CI: -6.57, -4.06) before 1.40 years, 4.83 (95% CI: 1.38, 8.28) from years 1.40 to 2.30 and -3.71 (95% CI: -5.97, -1.45) after 2.30 years among TDF users. Within years 1.40-2.30, each year of TDF exposure was associated with a 78% decreased risk of RKFD (95% CI: -91%, -49%). In comparison, eGFR increased slightly at the initiation of antiviral therapy, declined after 2.15 years (-4.96; 95% CI: -5.76, -4.17) among non-TDF users. Such a progression nonlinear trajectory was missed on the assumption of one-linearity, whether in TDF or non-TDF users. CONCLUSION: Over the piecewise mixed-effects analyses with the advantage of revealing the true nature of the exposure outcome relationships, an interesting reverse S-shaped relationship was observed. A routine screen based on nonlinearity could be more helpful for patient management.