Abstract
IL-10+ regulatory B cells (Bregs) inhibit immune responses in various settings. While Bregs appear to inhibit inflammatory cytokine expression by CD4+ T cells and innate immune cells, their reported impact on CD8+ T cells is contradictory. Moreover, it remains unclear which effects of Bregs are direct versus indirect. Finally, the subanatomical localization of Breg suppressive function and the nature of their intercellular interactions remain unknown. Using novel tamoxifen-inducible B cell-specific IL-10 knockout mice, we found that Bregs inhibit CD8+ T cell proliferation and inhibit inflammatory cytokine expression by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Sort-purified Bregs from IL-10-reporter mice were adoptively transferred into wild-type hosts and examined by live-cell imaging. Bregs localized to the T:B border, specifically entered the T cell zone, and made more frequent and longer contacts with both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells than did non-Bregs. These Breg:T cell interactions were antigen-specific and reduced subsequent T:DC contacts. Thus, Bregs inhibit T cells through direct cognate interactions that subsequently reduce DC:T cell interactions.