Abstract
BACKGROUND: The world will face a human resource gap of 10 million health workers in 2030. Community health workers (CHWs) can contribute to mitigating this workforce gap while improving equitable access to care and health outcomes. However, questions on how to best implement and optimise CHW programmes, especially across varied contexts, remain. As each context has its determinants for a successful CHW programme, this research identifies and assesses pertinent factors needed for optimal CHW programmes in conflict settings, specifically Northwest Syria. METHODS: A mixed-methods study in Northwest Syria consisting of a literature and document review, semistructured interviews with CHWs' team leaders and programme managers, key informant interviews with policymakers and a survey with CHWs was conducted across three research phases from 2018 to 2022. The three phases aimed to identify, refine and finalise a framework for CHW optimisation in humanitarian conflict contexts, respectively. Qualitative data were analysed thematically, and quantitative data were statistically analysed to identify critical trends. RESULTS: 16 interviews and 288 surveys were conducted, supplemented by key reports and literature. The framework underwent two iterative rounds of refinement, reflecting varying stakeholders' perceptions of CHW optimisation. The resulting framework presents important implementation factors with subthemes across identified topics of institutionalisation, integration and representation for CHW optimisation in Northwest Syria and other humanitarian conflict contexts. The presented factors are similar in various ways to other fragile low/middle-income country settings. However, in protracted conflict settings like Syria, careful consideration should be given to strategic dimensions such as integration and representation. CONCLUSION: For CHW programmes to impact health outcomes in humanitarian conflict settings, they require a set of implementation and design factors relevant to the context. The dynamics of humanitarian funding restrictions, health system capacity and governance structures confront achieving these requirements. Nevertheless, pioneering projects which use available resources are possible. Evidence is needed to understand the impact of CHWs' interventions and further support implementation across humanitarian contexts.