Abstract
Background: Olfactory and gustatory disturbances are commonly overlooked symptoms but may be linked to various health conditions, including cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that these sensory impairments could be early indicators of lung cancer, particularly in individuals with sleep disorders, a group already at elevated cancer risk due to factors like circadian disruption and hormonal changes. Objective: To evaluate whether olfactory and gustatory disturbances can serve as early markers for lung cancer in patients with sleep disorders. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed using data from the TriNetX database, spanning January 1, 2016, to June 30, 2024. Propensity score matching (1:1) was used to balance baseline characteristics between patients with olfactory and gustatory disturbances and a control group without these disturbances. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess lung cancer risk, with follow-up lasting up to 60 months. Results: After matching, 13,294 patients with olfactory and gustatory disturbances and 13,294 control patients were included. The analysis revealed a significantly higher risk of lung cancer in the disturbance group (HR = 1.431, 95% CI: 1.014-2.021). Subgroup analysis indicated that the risk was particularly elevated in patients over 50, males, and those with dorsalgia. COVID-19 infection did not have a significant impact on lung cancer risk in this population. Conclusion: Olfactory and gustatory disturbances may serve as early markers for lung cancer, particularly in older patients and males with sleep disorders. These findings suggest the potential for using sensory impairments in early cancer detection strategies.