Abstract
The skin is directly exposed to atmospheric pollutants, especially particulate matter 2.5 (PM(2.5)) in the air, which poses significant harm to skin health. However, limited research has been performed to identify molecules that can confer resistance to such substances. Herein, we analyzed the effect of fermented sea tangle (FST) extract on PM(2.5)-induced human HaCaT keratinocyte damage. Results showed that FST extract, at concentrations less than 800 μg/mL, exhibited non-significant toxicity to cells and concentration-dependent inhibition of PM(2.5)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. PM(2.5) induced oxidative stress by stimulating ROS, resulting in DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation, which were inhibited by the FST extract. FST extract significantly suppressed the increase in calcium level and apoptosis caused by PM(2.5) treatment and significantly restored the reduced cell viability. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization occurred due to PM(2.5) treatment, however, FST extract recovered mitochondrial membrane polarization. PM(2.5) inhibited the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and induced the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bim, the apoptosis initiator caspase-9, as well as the executor caspase-3, however, FST extract effectively protected the changes in the levels of these proteins caused by PM(2.5). Interestingly, pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK treatment enhanced the anti-apoptotic effect of FST extract in PM(2.5)-treated cells. Our results indicate that FST extract prevents PM(2.5)-induced cell damage via inhibition of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human keratinocytes. Accordingly, FST extract could be included in skin care products to protect cells against the harmful effects of PM(2.5).