Abstract
Lupus nephritis is an important cause of severe glomerulonephritis, and a leading cause of kidney failure in young adults. While the disease can lead to rapid destruction of nephrons if untreated, there are effective therapies to reverse the severe acute kidney injury and prevent the lifetime risk of kidney failure. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are therefore of critical importance. Clinical management of lupus nephritis has improved considerably over the past two decades. The advent of mycophenolate as standard immunosuppressive therapy was a major paradigm shift that improved the safety and convenience of treatment and also patients' quality of life. Effective therapeutic options continue to increase, such as belimumab (a monoclonal antibody that inhibits B-cell activating factor, BAFF) and voclosporin (a calcineurin inhibitor) which have obtained regulatory approval in U.S.A. and Europe. There is also accumulating experience on tacrolimus, which has regulatory approval for lupus nephritis treatment in Japan and commonly used off-label in many countries. Ironically, the increasing therapeutic options have resulted in uncertainties in deciding which medication, and which treatment regimen, is best for a patient. In this context, one needs to take into consideration the distinct characteristics and the risk profile of each patient, and adopt a holistic and long-term perspective, so that treatment can be personalized to achieve favourable clinical outcomes.