Abstract
BACKGROUND: Urolithiasis has been infrequently implicated to have a causal association with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, several studies have demonstrated the relationship between urolithiasis and CKD. However, the generalizability of their results is limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between urolithiasis and the risk of incident CKD. METHODS: This longitudinal cohort study used the National Health Insurance Service data, including 219 570 Korean adults with incident urolithiasis requiring procedural interventions and without prior kidney disease and 219 570 age- and sex-matched controls without urolithiasis between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2020. Primary outcome was the development of CKD, defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) for at least two consecutive measurements at least 90 days apart. The risk for incident CKD was further examined using the outcome defined by newly occurring diagnostic codes indicating CKD. RESULTS: Over a mean follow-up of 6 years, 12 338 (2.8%) primary outcome events of CKD were observed (incidence rate 4.6/1000 person-years). Per multivariable Cox analysis, urolithiasis was associated with a higher risk of incident CKD [adjusted hazard ratio 1.41 (95% confidence interval 1.36-1.46)]. This association remained consistent across all clinically relevant subgroups and when the CKD outcome was defined based on the diagnostic codes in the sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In this large national cohort study, patients with urolithiasis were associated with a higher risk of incident CKD than those without urolithiasis. Further studies are warranted to establish the benefits of preventing urolithiasis in reducing CKD development.