Abstract
BACKGROUND: Urinary 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) has been associated with hypertension in women with elevated urinary cadmium (Cd) excretion rates. The present study investigates the urinary Cd and 20-HETE levels in relation to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin excretion in men and women. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional study, which included 225 women and 84 men aged 33-55 years, was conducted in a rural area known to be polluted with Cd. RESULTS: In all subjects, lower eGFR values were associated with higher urinary Cd excretion (P = 0.030), and tubulopathy markers N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (P < 0.001) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) (P < 0.001). On average, the hypertensive subjects with the highest quartile of urinary Cd had eGFR values of 12 and 17 mL/min/1.73 m(2) lower than that in the hypertensive (P = 0.009) and normotensive subjects (P < 0.001) with the lowest quartile of urinary Cd, respectively. In men, urinary albumin was inversely associated with 20-HETE (β = -0.384, P < 0.001), while showing a moderately positive association with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β = 0.302, P = 0.037). In women, urinary albumin was not associated with 20-HETE (P = 0.776), but was associated with tubulopathy, reflected by elevated urinary excretion of β2-MG (β = 0.231, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Tubulopathy is a determinant of albumin excretion in women, while 20-HETE and SBP are determinants of urinary albumin excretion in men. Associations of chronic exposure to Cd with marked eGFR decline and renal tubular injury seen in both Cd-exposed men and women add to mounting research data that links Cd to the risk of developing chronic kidney disease.