Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Membrane potential (V(m)), the voltage across a cell membrane, is an important biophysical phenomenon, central to the physiology of cells, tissues, and organisms. Voltage-sensitive fluorescent indicators are a powerful method for interrogating membrane potential in living systems, but most indicators are best suited for detecting changes in membrane potential rather than measuring values of the membrane potential. One promising approach is to use fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) in combination of chemically synthesized dyes to estimate a value of membrane potential. However, a drawback is that chemically synthesized dyes show poor specificity of staining. OBJECTIVES: To address this problem, we applied a chemical-genetic voltage imaging approach to FLIM to enable optical estimation of membrane potential values from genetically defined cells. RESULTS: In this report, we detail the characterization and evaluation of two of these systems in mammalian cells. We further validate the use of a FLIM-based chemical genetic voltage indicator in mammalian neurons. CONCLUSIONS: Finally, we discuss opportunities for future improvements to chemical-genetic FLIM-based voltage indicators.