Abstract
BACKGROUND: Stage 1 single ventricle palliation (S1P) has the longest length of stay (LOS) of all benchmark congenital heart operations. Center-level factors contributing to prolonged hospitalization are poorly defined. METHODS: We analyzed data from infants status post S1P included in the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative Phase II registry. Our primary outcome was patient-level LOS with days alive and out of hospital before stage 2 palliation (S2P) used as a balancing measure. We compared patient and center-level characteristics across quartiles for median center LOS, and used multivariable regression to calculate center-level factors associated with LOS after adjusting for case mix. RESULTS: Of 2,510 infants (65 sites), 2037 (47 sites) met study criteria (61% male, 61% white, 72% hypoplastic left heart syndrome). There was wide intercenter variation in LOS (first quartile centers: median 28 days [IQR 19, 46]; fourth quartile: 62 days [35, 95], P < .001). Mortality prior to S2P did not differ across quartiles. Shorter LOS correlated with more pre-S2P days alive and out of hospital, after accounting for readmissions (correlation coefficient -0.48, P < .001). In multivariable analysis, increased use of Norwood with a right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit (aOR 2.65 [1.1, 6.37]), shorter bypass time (aOR 0.99 per minute [0.98,1.0]), fewer additional cardiac operations (aOR 0.46 [0.22, 0.93]), and increased use of NG tubes rather than G tubes (aOR 7.03 [1.95, 25.42]) were all associated with shorter LOS centers. CONCLUSIONS: Modifiable center-level practices may be targets to standardize practice and reduce overall LOS across centers.