Abstract
PURPOSE: There remains a paucity of direct visualization techniques for beating-heart intracardiac procedures. To address this need, we evaluated a novel cardioscope in the context of aortic paravalvular leaks (PVLs) localization and closure. DESCRIPTION: A porcine aortic PVL model was created using a custom-made bioprosthetic valve, and PVL presence was verified by epicardial echocardiography. Transapical delivery of occlusion devices guided solely by cardioscopy was attempted 13 times in a total of three pigs. Device retrieval after release was attempted six times. Echocardiography, morphologic evaluation, and delivery time were used to assess results. EVALUATION: Cardioscopic imaging enabled localization of PVLs via visualization of regurgitant jet flow in a paravalvular channel at the base of the prosthetic aortic valve. Occluders were successfully placed in 11 of 13 attempts (84.6%), taking on average 3:03 ± 1:34 min. Devices were cardioscopically removed successfully in three of six attempts (50%), taking 3:41 ± 1:46 min. No damage to the ventricle or annulus was observed at necropsy. CONCLUSIONS: Cardioscopy can facilitate intracardiac interventions by providing direct visualization of anatomic structures inside the blood-filled, beating-heart model.