Abstract
BACKGROUND: Aortic root evaluation is conventionally based on 2-dimensional measurements at a single phase of the cardiac cycle. This work presents an image analysis method for assessing dynamic 3-dimensional changes in the aortic root of minimally calcified bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs) with and without moderate to severe aortic regurgitation. METHODS: The aortic root was segmented over the full cardiac cycle in 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic images acquired from 19 patients with minimally calcified BAVs and from 16 patients with physiologically normal tricuspid aortic valves (TAVs). The size and dynamics of the aortic root were assessed using the following image-derived measurements: absolute mean root volume and mean area at the level of the ventriculoaortic junction, sinuses of Valsalva, and sinotubular junction, as well as normalized root volume change and normalized area change of the ventriculoaortic junction, sinuses of Valsalva, and sinotubular junction over the cardiac cycle. RESULTS: Normalized volume change over the cardiac cycle was significantly greater in BAV roots with moderate to severe regurgitation than in normal TAV roots and in BAV roots with no or mild regurgitation. Aortic root dynamics were most significantly different at the mid-level of the sinuses of Valsalva in BAVs with moderate to severe regurgitation than in competent TAVs and BAVs. CONCLUSIONS: Echocardiographic reconstruction of the aortic root demonstrates significant differences in dynamics of BAV roots with moderate to severe regurgitation relative to physiologically normal TAVs and competent BAVs. This finding may have implications for risk of future dilatation, dissection, or rupture, which warrant further investigation.