Abstract
AIM: We aim to determine the cost-effectiveness of dapagliflozin in addition to standard therapy versus standard therapy alone among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) using the public healthcare provider's perspective in the Philippines. METHODS AND RESULTS: A thousand Filipino patients with HFrEF (with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus) were included in a simulation cohort using a lifetime Markov model. The model, which was developed based on the results of the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure trial, was composed of three health states. These were 'alive without an event' (chronic heart failure state), 'alive but was hospitalized for heart failure' (worsening heart failure), and 'dead' (death from any cause). Data regarding costs and utilities were obtained from previous studies and local data. These were used to estimate the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (ICER). A 3% annual discount rate was used for both costs and effects. One-way (deterministic) and probabilistic sensitivity analyses as well as scenario analyses were performed. The ICER for the addition of dapagliflozin to standard therapy among HFrEF patients was PHP177 868 (US$3434) and PHP160 983 (US$3108), respectively, if the present price (PHP44.00) and possible negotiated unit cost of dapagliflozin 10 mg tablet (PHP40.00) were used. These were deemed cost-effective because they were both below the threshold ICER which was equivalent to the gross domestic product per capita of the Philippines in 2019, PHP180 500 (US$3485). Using the unit costs of dapagliflozin previously mentioned, the ICERs among HFrEF patients with diabetes were PHP132 582 (US$2560) and PHP120 249 (US$2321), respectively. Doing PSA involving Monte Carlo simulation of 10 000 iterations and plotting the resulting ICERs against the threshold ICER in the cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, these ICERs for HFrEF among diabetics were determined to be 72% and 76% cost-effective. CONCLUSION: Dapagliflozin added to standard therapy for HFrEF patients is likely to be cost-effective using the perspective of the Philippine public healthcare provider.