Abstract
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have investigated α1GABA(A) and α5GABA(A) receptor mechanisms in the behavioral effects of ethanol (EtOH) in monkeys. However, genetic studies in humans and preclinical studies with mutant mice suggest a role for α2GABA(A) and/or α3GABA(A) receptors in the effects of EtOH. The development of novel positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) with functional selectivity (i.e., selective efficacy) at α2GABA(A) and α3GABA(A) receptors allows for probing of these subtypes in preclinical models of the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of EtOH in rhesus macaques. METHODS: In discrimination studies, subjects were trained to discriminate EtOH (2 g/kg, intragastrically) from water under a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of food delivery. In oral self-administration studies, subjects were trained to self-administer EtOH (2% w/v) or sucrose (0.3 to 1% w/v) under an FR schedule of solution availability. RESULTS: In discrimination studies, functionally selective PAMs at α2GABA(A) and α3GABA(A) (HZ-166) or α3GABA(A) (YT-III-31) receptors substituted fully (maximum percentage of EtOH-lever responding ≥80%) for the discriminative stimulus effects of EtOH without altering response rates. Full substitution for EtOH also was engendered by a nonselective PAM (triazolam), an α5GABA(A) -preferring PAM (QH-ii-066) and a PAM at α2GABA(A) , α3GABA(A) , and α5GABA(A) receptors (L-838417). A partial (MRK-696) or an α1GABA(A) -preferring (zolpidem) PAM only engendered partial substitution (i.e., ~50 to 60% EtOH-lever responding). In self-administration studies, pretreatments with the functionally selective PAMs at α2GABA(A) and α3GABA(A) (XHe-II-053 and HZ-166) or α3GABA(A) (YT-III-31 and YT-III-271) receptors increased EtOH, but not sucrose, drinking at doses that had few, or no, observable sedative-motor effects. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm prior findings regarding the respective roles of α1GABA(A) and α5GABA(A) receptors in the discriminative stimulus effects of EtOH and, further, suggest a key facilitatory role for α3GABA(A) and potentially α2GABA(A) receptors in several abuse-related effects of EtOH in monkeys. Moreover, they reveal a potential role for these latter subtypes in EtOH's sedative effects.