Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has demonstrated great potential for the fabrication of biomimetic human tissues and complex graft materials. This technology utilizes bioinks composed of cellular elements placed within a biomaterial. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are an attractive option for cell selection in 3D bioprinting. MSCs can be isolated from a variety of tissues, can pose vast proliferative capacity and can differentiate to multiple committed cell types. Despite their promising properties, the use of MSCs has been associated with several drawbacks. These concerns are related to the ex vivo manipulation throughout the process of 3D bioprinting. The herein manuscript aims to present the current evidence surrounding these events and propose ways to minimize the risks to the patients following widespread expansion of 3D bioprinting in the medical field.