Abstract
Excitation-transcription coupling, linking stimulation at the cell surface to changes in nuclear gene expression, is conserved throughout eukaryotes. How closely related coexpressed transcription factors are differentially activated remains unclear. Here, we show that two Ca(2+)-dependent transcription factor isoforms, NFAT1 and NFAT4, require distinct sub-cellular InsP(3) and Ca(2+) signals for physiologically sustained activation. NFAT1 is stimulated by sub-plasmalemmal Ca(2+) microdomains, whereas NFAT4 additionally requires Ca(2+) mobilization from the inner nuclear envelope by nuclear InsP(3) receptors. NFAT1 is rephosphorylated (deactivated) more slowly than NFAT4 in both cytoplasm and nucleus, enabling a more prolonged activation phase. Oscillations in cytoplasmic Ca(2+), long considered the physiological form of Ca(2+) signaling, play no role in activating either NFAT protein. Instead, effective sustained physiological activation of NFAT4 is tightly linked to oscillations in nuclear Ca(2+). Our results show how gene expression can be controlled by coincident yet geographically distinct Ca(2+) signals, generated by a freely diffusible InsP(3) message.