Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pentoxifylline is administered to improve the hemodynamics of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite the improvement of capillary blood flow velocity in the retina after pentoxifylline use, no evidence has been provided to prove the protective effect against diabetic retinopathy (DR). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the risk of DR in pentoxifylline users with CKD and diabetes mellitus (DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, the Chang Gung Research Database, which includes the data of patients with CKD and DM from 2003 to 2019, was used. Each calendar year was divided into 4 data units with 3 months each for every patient and every year during the follow-up. The ocular outcomes were new-onset DR, DR-related complications, and vitreoretinal interventions. RESULTS: A total of 56,439 patients without preexisting DR and 5039 patients with preexisting DR were included in this study. Exposure to pentoxifylline was associated with an elevated risk of new-onset DR (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.24, 95% confidence interval = 1.13-1.36) in patients without preexisting DR. Additionally, exposure to pentoxifylline was associated with an elevated risk of DR-related complications and vitreoretinal interventions in patients with or without preexisting DR. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to pentoxifylline is associated with an elevated risk of DR, regardless of whether patients have preexisting DR.