Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that often leads to kidney injury, known as lupus nephritis (LN). Although renal biopsy is the primary way to diagnose LN, it is invasive and not practical for regular monitoring. As an alternative, several groups have proposed urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) as potential biomarkers for LN, as recent studies have shown their significance in reflecting kidney-related diseases. As a result, we developed a flow cytometry approach that allowed us to determine that LN patients exhibited a significantly higher total uEV concentration compared to SLE patients without kidney involvement. Additionally, an analysis of different-sized uEV subsets revealed that microvesicles ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 μm showed the most promise for distinguishing LN. These findings indicate that evaluating uEV concentration and size distribution could be a valuable diagnostic and monitoring tool for LN, pending further validation in more comprehensive studies.