Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a heterogeneous superfamily of enzymes which catalyze the degradation of the intracellular second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Among PDEs, PDE4 is the most widely studied and characterized isoenzyme. PDE4 blocking can lead to increased levels of intracellular cAMP, which results in down-regulation of inflammatory responses by reducing the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-23, IL-17, interferon-γ, while increasing regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10. Therefore, PDE4 has been explored as a therapeutic target for the treatment of different chronic inflammatory conditions such as psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). PsA shares clinical, genetic, and pathogenic features with IBD such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), and enteropathic spondyloarthritis (eSpA) represent a frequent clinical evidence of the overlap between gut and joint diseases. Current therapeutic options in PsA patients and underlying UC are limited to synthetic immunosuppressants and anti-TNF. Apremilast is an oral PDE4 inhibitor approved for the treatment of active PsA patients with inadequate response to synthetic immunosuppressants. The efficacy and a good safety profile observed in randomized clinical trials with apremilast in PsA patients have been confirmed by few studies in a real-life scenario. In addition, apremilast led to significant improvement in clinical and endoscopic features in UC patients in a phase II RCT. By now there are no available data regarding its role in eSpA patients. In view of the above, the use of apremilast in eSpA patients is a route that deserves to be deepened.