Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the critical processes implicated in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Therefore, alleviating neuroinflammation has been highlighted as a therapeutic strategy for treating CNS disorders. However, the complexity of neuroinflammatory processes and poor drug transport to the brain are considerable hurdles to the efficient control of neuroinflammation using small-molecule therapeutics. Thus, there is a significant demand for new chemical entities (NCEs) targeting neuroinflammation. Herein, we rediscovered benzopyran-embedded tubulin inhibitor 1 as an anti-neuroinflammatory agent via phenotype-based screening. A competitive photoaffinity labeling study revealed that compound 1 binds to tubulin at the colchicine-binding site. Structure-activity relationship analysis of 1's analogs identified SB26019 as a lead compound with enhanced anti-neuroinflammatory efficacy. Mechanistic studies revealed that upregulation of the tubulin monomer was critical for the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of SB26019. We serendipitously found that the tubulin monomer recruits p65, inhibiting its translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus and blocking NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways. Further in vivo validation using a neuroinflammation mouse model demonstrated that SB26019 suppressed microglial activation by downregulating lba-1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Intraperitoneal administration of SB26019 showed its therapeutic potential as an NCE for successful anti-neuroinflammatory regulation. Along with the recent growing demands on tubulin modulators for treating various inflammatory diseases, our results suggest that colchicine-binding site-specific modulation of tubulins can be a potential strategy for preventing neuroinflammation and treating CNS diseases.