Abstract
BACKGROUND: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prevalence and clinical implications of metabolic syndrome in individuals with diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases using key terms related to metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Access to subscription-based journals was facilitated through the HINARI program. Study quality was assessed using the adapted Newcastle-Ottawa scale, with a minimum inclusion score of ≥5/10. Statistical analysis included a meta-analysis using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model to determine the pooled prevalence, with heterogeneity assessed using Cochran's Q and I(2) statistics. Publication bias was evaluated via funnel plot symmetry. Analyses were conducted using Stata/MP 17.0. RESULTS: The meta-analysis revealed a pooled effect size of 1.98 (95% CI: 1.85, 2.10), with significant heterogeneity (I(2) = 92.35%). Prevalence ranged from 19.88% to 88.13%, underscoring a substantial burden. Variations in HbA1c, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure, and BMI highlighted the heterogeneity in metabolic syndrome characteristics. Advanced statistical approaches enriched the understanding of metabolic profiles and their interplay with glycemic control and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION: This study underscores the critical interplay between glycemic control and lipid profiles in metabolic syndrome. The findings emphasize the need for tailored, region-specific interventions to address its substantial burden and implications for clinical practice and policy.