Abstract
BACKGROUND: The pandemic has highlighted and exacerbated health inequities in both acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its longer-term sequelae. Given the heterogeneity in definitions of long COVID and the lack of centralized registries of patients with the disease, little is known about the differential prevalence among racial, ethnic, and sex subgroups. This study examines long COVID among Black, White, Asian, and Hispanic Americans and evaluates differences in the associated cognitive symptomology. METHOD: Data from four releases of the Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey detailing COVID-19 incidence and the duration and type of symptoms among a nationally representative sample of adults from June 1, 2022, through October 17, 2022, were combined. Binary logistic regression assessed the relative likelihood of long COVID among those who had been diagnosed COVID between racial, ethnic, and sex subgroups. Among those reporting long COVID, differences in the prevalence of difficulty understanding and difficulty remembering were assessed. Empirical models accounted for household, regional, vaccination, and insurance differences between respondents. Two-stage selection models were applied to test the robustness of the results. RESULTS: Among respondents who tested positive for COVID-19, Blacks (OR=1.097, CI=1.034-1.163), females (OR=1.849, CI=1.794-1.907), and Hispanics (OR=1.349, CI=1.286-1.414) were more likely to experience long COVID (symptoms lasting for 3 months or longer) compared to Whites, males, and non-Hispanics respectively. However, those with private health insurance (OR=0.634, CI=0.611-0.658) and who received the COVID vaccine (OR=0.901, CI=0.864-0.94) were less likely to have endured COVID symptoms than their counterparts. Symptoms of long COVID varied significantly between population subgroups. Compared to Whites, Blacks were more likely to have trouble remembering (OR=1.878, CI=1.765-1.808) while Hispanics were more likely to report difficult understanding (OR=1.827, CI=1.413, 2.362). Females, compared to males, were less likely to experience trouble understanding (OR=0.664, CI=0.537, 0.821), but more likely to report trouble remembering (OR=1.34, CI=1.237, 1.451). CONCLUSIONS: Long COVID is more prevalent among Blacks, Hispanics, and females, but each group appears to experience long COVID differently. Therefore, additional research is needed to determine the best method to treat and manage this poorly understood condition.