Abstract
The accelerating adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has revealed a significant challenge: ensuring accessible, secure charging infrastructure in areas with limited internet connectivity. This study introduces EVMCSDLT, a novel payment framework that leverages Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to facilitate secure transactions between EV users and mobile charging stations in offline environments. Unlike conventional payment systems that require continuous Internet connectivity, EVMCSDLT employs a two-part blockchain security mechanism using QR code authentication and hashing techniques. This mechanism distributes security data across both the sender's & receiver's devices, enabling transactions to be validated & recorded locally before subsequent synchronization with the blockchain network. The system is implemented using React.js integrated with Web3, supporting both online & offline transaction processing via MetaMask wallet. It also features real time geospatial tracking of fixed and mobile charging stations through Google Maps, allowing users to locate nearby charging options efficiently. Experimental results demonstrate a reliable transaction range of up to 8.13 meters between devices, consistent QR code scanning with an average response time of 3.4 s under various lighting conditions, and strong resistance to cyber threats in simulated man-in-the-middle attacks. The EVMCSDLT framework marks a significant advancement in extending the accessibility of EV charging technology to underserved areas while ensuring transaction security and integrity regardless of the Internet connectivity status.