Abstract
Attrition in drug discovery and development remains a major challenge. Safety/toxicity is the most prevalent reason for failure with cardiovascular and CNS toxicities predominating. Non-invasive biomarkers of neurotoxicity would provide significant advantage by allowing earlier prediction of likely neurotoxicity in preclinical studies as well as facilitating clinical trials of new therapies for neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS).