Abstract
Drug-induced lupus is a side effect of deliberate ingestion of various medications, but its etiology, underlying mechanisms, and pathogenesis are puzzling. In vivo metabolic transformation of lupus-inducing drugs to reactive products explains how a heterogeneous set of drugs can mediate the same disease syndrome. Evidence has accumulated that drugs are transformed by extracellular oxidation from reactive oxygen species and myeloperoxidase produced when neutrophils are activated, maximizing the in situ accumulation of reactive drug metabolites within lymphoid compartments. The metabolite of procainamide, procainamide hydroxylamine, displays diverse biologic properties, but no apparent autoimmune effect has been observed. However, when procainamide hydroxylamine was introduced into the thymus of young adult normal mice, a delayed but robust autoimmune response developed. Disruption of central T-cell tolerance by intrathymic procainamide hydroxylamine resulted in the production of chromatin-reactive T cells that apparently drove the autoantibody response in the periphery. Drug-induced autoantibodies in this mouse model were remarkably similar to those in patients with procainamide-induced lupus. Therefore, this system has considerable promise to provide insight into the initiating events in drug-induced lupus and may provide a paradigm for how other xenobiotics might induce systemic autoimmunity.