Abstract
BACKGROUND: Despite the brain's high demand for energy, research on its epigenetics focuses on nuclear methylation, and much of the mitochondrial DNA methylation remains seldom investigated. With a focus on the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), we aimed to identify the mitochondrial methylation signatures for (1) distinguishing the two brain areas, (2) correlating with aging, and (3) reflecting the influence of illicit drugs on the brain. RESULT: We collected the brain tissue in the NAcc and the PFC from the deceased individuals without (n = 39) and with (n = 14) drug use and used whole-genome bisulfite sequencing to cover cytosine sites in the mitochondrial genome. We first detected differential methylations between the NAcc and the PFC in the nonusers group (P = 3.89 × 10(-9)). These function-related methylation differences diminished in the drug use group due to the selective alteration in the NAcc. Then, we found the correlation between the methylation levels and the chronological ages in the nonusers group (R(2) = 0.34 in the NAcc and 0.37 in the PFC). The epigenetic clocks in illicit drug users, especially in the ketamine users, were accelerated in both brain regions by comparison with the nonusers. Finally, we summarized the effect of the illicit drugs on the methylation, which could significantly differentiate the drug users from the nonusers (AUC = 0.88 in the NAcc, AUC = 0.94 in the PFC). CONCLUSION: The mitochondrial methylations were different between different brain areas, generally accumulated with aging, and sensitive to the effects of illicit drugs. We believed this is the first report to elucidate comprehensively the importance of mitochondrial DNA methylation in human brain.