Abstract
We examined the association of maternal stressful life events and social support with risks of gastroschisis and hypospadias, using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a population-based case-control study of US births taking place in 2006-2011. We examined maternal self-reports of 7 life events and 3 sources of social support during the periconceptional period among mothers of 593 gastroschisis cases, 1,142 male hypospadias cases, and 4,399 nonmalformed controls. Responses to the questions on stressful life events were summed to form an index (higher is worse), as were responses to questions on social support (higher is better). We used logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The adjusted odds ratios for gastroschisis for a 4-point increase in the stress index were 3.5 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.6, 4.8) among nonteenage mothers (age ≥20 years) and 1.0 (95% CI: 0.5, 1.7) among teenage mothers (age <20 years). The odds ratio for hypospadias (among all mothers) was 0.8 (95% CI: 0.7, 1.1). Adjusted odds ratios for a social support score of 3 (versus 0) in the 3 respective groups were 0.6 (95% CI: 0.4, 1.0), 1.0 (95% CI: 0.5, 2.3), and 0.6 (95% CI: 0.4, 0.9). Given the lack of prior research on these outcomes and stress, results should be interpreted with caution.