Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes a wide range of infections in humans and animals, imposing a significant global health burden. While metabolic flexibility is critical for E. coli fitness to host environments, the role of secondary carbon sources like (L)-Sorbose remains poorly characterized. METHODS: The functional importance of (L)-Sorbose metabolism in E. coli CFT073 was investigated under acidic conditions simulating gastrointestinal and urinary tract environments. A ΔsorD mutant, with deletion of a key gene in (L)-Sorbose catabolism, was generated, and its growth, viability, virulence factors, proton motive force (PMF), oxidative stress levels, and transcriptomic profiles under acidic pH (3.5-5.5) were assessed. Virulence was further tested using a Galleria mellonella infection model. RESULTS: Deletion of sorD caused severe growth defects, loss of virulence factors (flagella and fimbriae), disrupted PMF, and oxidative stress accumulation under acidic conditions. Transcriptomic analysis revealed dysregulation of energy metabolism pathways and downregulation of virulence-associated genes in the ΔsorD mutant. Importantly, (L)-Sorbose metabolism deficiency significantly attenuated bacterial survival at pH 3.5 and reduced virulence in the G. mellonella model. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that (L)-Sorbose metabolism is essential for E. coli to maintain energy homeostasis, virulence, and acid resistance. Targeting this pathway may offer a novel therapeutic strategy against pathogenic E. coli infections.