Abstract
Here, we present a protocol for deep brain stimulation in freely behaving mice using through-scalp wide-field illumination in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II). We first describe the injection of the TRPV1 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1)-expressing viruses and macromolecular infrared nanotransducers for deep brain stimulation (MINDS). We then detail NIR-II neuromodulation in a conditioned place preference test, followed by immunohistochemical studies. This approach is especially useful for tether-free deep brain stimulation in social interacting experiments involving multiple subjects. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wu et al. (2022).