Abstract
Cell lines and animal models have provided the foundation of cancer research for many years. However, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and organoids are increasingly enabling insights into tumor development, progression, and treatment. Here, we review recent studies using hPSCs to elucidate the reciprocal roles played by genetic alterations and cell identity in cancer formation. We also review studies using human organoids as models that recapitulate both intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity to gain new insights into tumorigenesis and treatment responses. Finally, we highlight potential opportunities for cancer research using hPSC-derived organoids and genome editing in the future.