Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) stimulatory CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with phosphorothioate backbones have successfully replaced the naturally occurring agonists of TLR9 in drug development due to their increased stability. Replacing the nonbridging oxygen with a sulfur atom in the phosphate linkage of ODNs has been accepted as having a minor impact on the chemical and physical properties of the agonists. Here, we report that the TLR9 binding site exhibits a strong bias in favor of a phosphodiester backbone over the phosphorothioate backbone of the CpG motif. Furthermore, we show that while single point mutations of W47, W96 and K690 within the TLR9 binding site retains full TLR9 activation by phosphodiester-based ODNs, activation by phosphorothioate-based ODNs is strongly impaired. The substitution of a phosphorothioate linkage for a phosphodiester linkage of just the CpG motif considerably improves the activation potency of a phosphorothioate-based oligonucleotide for human B-cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, as well as for mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophages. Our results highlight the functional significance of the phosphodiester linkage of a CpG dinucleotide for binding, which is important in designing improved immunostimulatory TLR9 agonists.