Abstract
Long blood half-life is one of the advantages of antibodies over small molecule drugs. At the same time, prolonged half-life is a problem for imaging applications or in the case of antibody-induced toxicities. There is a substantial need for antidotes that can quickly clear antibodies from systemic circulation and peripheral tissues. Engineered nanoparticles exhibit intrinsic affinity for clearance organs (mainly liver and spleen). trans-Cyclooctene (TCO) and methyltetrazine (MTZ) are versatile copper-free click chemistry components that are extensively being used for in vivo bioorthogonal couplings. To test the ability of nanoparticles to eliminate antibodies, we prepared a set of click-modified, clinically relevant antidotes based on several classes of drug carriers: phospholipid-PEG micelles, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and cross-linked dextran iron oxide (CLIO) nanoparticles. Mice were injected with IRDye 800CW-labeled, click-modified IgG followed by a click-modified antidote or PBS (control), and the levels of the IgG were monitored up to 72 h postinjection. Long-circulating lipid micelles produced a spike in IgG levels at 1 h, decreased IgG levels at 24 h, and did not decrease the area under the curve (AUC) and IgG accumulation in main organs. Long-circulating BSA decreased IgG levels at 1 and 24 h, decreased the AUC, but did not significantly decrease organ accumulation. Long-circulating CLIO nanoworms increased IgG levels at 1 h, decreased IgG levels at 24 h, did not decrease the AUC, and did not decrease the organ accumulation. On the other hand, short-circulating CLIO nanoparticles decreased IgG levels at 1 and 24 h, significantly decreasing the AUC and accumulation in the main organs. Multiple doses of CLIO and BSA were not able to completely eliminate the antibody from blood, despite the click reactivity of the residual IgG, likely due to exchange of IgG between blood and tissue compartments. Pharmacokinetic modeling suggests that short antidote half-life and fast click reaction rate should result in higher IgG depletion efficiency. Short-circulating click-modified nanocarriers are the most effective antidotes for elimination of antibodies from blood. This study sets a stage for future development of antidotes based on nanomedicine.