Abstract
Radiotherapy has emerged as one of the first lines of treatment in oncology. The past few decades have seen dramatic changes in the delivery of radiation therapy, with dose fractionation and treatment planning being the major focuses of research. Although effective, such empirical approaches are hardly optimal, and instances of patient mortality and tumor relapse are not rare. In this Perspective, we review the emerging technologies for optimization of radiosensitization, hypoxia modulation, and combinatorial therapeutic regimes for improved treatment outcomes in preclinical tumor models, with a focus on nanotechnology-mediated approaches. Such an approach is expected to open more productive avenues in the advancement of radiation therapy compared to simply modulating the radiation dose delivered to the tumor.