Abstract
BACKGROUND: Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a master regulator of melanogenesis and is mainly expressed in melanoma cells. MITF has also been reported to be expressed in non-pigmented cells, such as osteoclasts, mast cells, and B cells. However, the roles of MITF in immunosuppressive myeloid cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of MITF in the differentiation process of MDSCs during tumor development. METHODS: In vitro-generated murine MDSCs and primary MDSCs from breast cancer-bearing mice or lung carcinoma-bearing mice were used to determine the expression level of MITF and the activity of MDSCs. Additionally, we investigated whether in vivo tumor growth can be differentially regulated by coinjection of MDSCs in which MITF expression is modulated by small molecules. Furthermore, the number of MITF(+) monocytic (MO)-MDSCs was examined in human tumor tissues or tumor-free lymph nodes by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS: The expression of MITF was strongly increased in MO-MDSCs from tumors of breast cancer-bearing mice compared with polymorphonuclear MDSCs. We found that MITF expression in MDSCs was markedly induced in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and related to the functional activity of MDSCs. MITF overexpression in myeloid cells increased the expression of MDSC activity markers and effectively inhibited T-cell proliferation compared with those of control MDSCs, whereas shRNA-mediated knockdown of MITF in myeloid cells altered the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs. Modulation of MITF expression by small molecules affected the differentiation and immunosuppressive function of MDSCs. While increased MITF expression in MDSCs promoted breast cancer progression and CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell dysfunction, decreased MITF expression in MDSCs suppressed tumor progression and enhanced T-cell activation. Furthermore, IHC staining of human tumor tissues revealed that MITF(+) MO-MDSCs are more frequently observed in tumor tissues than in tumor-free draining lymph nodes obtained from patients with cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that MITF regulates the differentiation and function of MDSCs and can be a novel therapeutic target for modulating MDSC activity in immunosuppressive s.