Abstract
Interpretation on the effectiveness of potential substances to enhance skeletal muscle regeneration is difficult if an inappropriate vehicle is administered, since vehicle administration can directly enhance or suppress regenerative capacity. In the current study, intramuscular administration of lipid-soluble and water-soluble vehicles into regenerating muscle at the distinct phases of skeletal muscle regeneration (regenerative vs. remodeling) were investigated. Tested vehicles included lipid-soluble [olive oil, (0.1, 1, 5, and 40%) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 40% propylene glycol (PG)] and water-soluble [0.9% NaCl, PBS, 0.1% ethanol, and distilled water]. Skeletal muscle regeneration was induced by 1.2% BaCl2 injection to the tibialis anterior muscle of 10-week-old C57BL/6 male mice. Histological features, skeletal muscle stem cell activity, regenerating muscle fiber formation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and macrophage infiltration were examined. The results revealed repeated administration of 40% DMSO and 40% PG causes significant recurrent muscle injury, which is pronounced during the remodeling phase compared to the regenerative phase. These findings were supported by (1) massive infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages; (2) significant increase of skeletal muscle stem cell re-activation and nascent regenerating muscle fiber formation; (3) excess fibrous formation; and (4) decreased regenerating muscle fiber cross-sectional area. These deleterious effects were comparable to 2% trypsin (degenerative substance) administration and less pronounced with a single administration. Nevertheless, recurrent muscle injury was still presented with 5% DMSO administration but it can be alleviated when 0.1% DMSO was administered during the remodeling phase. In contrast, none of the tested vehicles enhanced regenerative capacity compared with IGF-1 administration. Altogether, intramuscular administration of vehicle containing high concentration of DMSO or PG could impair skeletal muscle regenerative capacity and potentially affect validation of the investigational substance.