Abstract
Training and supervision of health workers are critical components of any health system;thus, we assessed how they impact health extension workers' (HEWs) role in non-communicable disease (NCD) service delivery in Ethiopia's health extension program (HEP), using an in-depth qualitative study conducted in 2019.The study covered two regions-the Tigray and the South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR)-and involved the Federal Ministry of Health. We conducted twenty-seven key informant interviews with federal and regional policymakers, district health officials, health centre representatives and HEWs.Participants highlighted substantial implementation challenges with training and supervision practices delivered via the HEP. Training for NCDs lacked breadth and depth. IT was described as inconsistently delivered with variable availability within and between regions;and when available, the quality was low with scant content specific to NCDs. HEP supervision was inconsistent and, rather than being supportive, mainly focused on finding faults in HEW work practices. Supervisors themselves had skill gaps in critical areas overall, and specifically concerning NCDs. HEWs' performance appraisal encompassed too many indicators, leading to excessive complexity, which was burdensome to HEWs. This, negatively impacted HEW motivation and compromised service delivery. HEW involvement in non-HEP activities (such as promoting other government programs) often competed with their core mandates, thus affecting HEP service delivery.Efforts to address training and supervision constraints in Ethiopia's HEP should focus on improving the quality of NCD training for HEWs and supervisors, shifting from authoritative to supportive supervision, simplifying performance appraisal and reducing competing attention from other programs.