Abstract
Typical electroless copper baths (ECBs), which are used to chemically deposit copper on printed circuit boards, consist of an aqueous alkali hydroxide solution, a copper(II) salt, formaldehyde as reducing agent, an l-(+)-tartrate as complexing agent, and a 2,2'-bi-pyridine derivative as stabilizer. Actual speciation and reactivity are, however, largely unknown. Herein, we report on the synthesis and crystal structure of aqua-1κO-bis-(4,4'-dimeth-oxy-2,2'-bi-pyri-dine)-1κ2 N,N';2κ2 N,N'-[μ-(2R,3R)-2,3-dioxidosuccinato-1κ2 O 1,O 2:2κ2 O 3,O 4]dicopper(II) octa-hydrate, [Cu2(C12H12N2O2)2(C4H2O6)(H2O)]·8H2O, from an ECB mock-up. The title compound crystallizes in the Sohncke group P21 with one chiral dinuclear complex and eight mol-ecules of hydrate water in the asymmetric unit. The expected retention of the tartrato ligand's absolute configuration was confirmed via determination of the absolute structure. The complex mol-ecules exhibit an ansa-like structure with two planar, nearly parallel bi-pyridine ligands, each bound to a copper atom that is connected to the other by a bridging tartrato 'handle'. The complex and water mol-ecules give rise to a layered supra-molecular structure dominated by alternating π stacks and hydrogen bonds. The understanding of structures ex situ is a first step on the way to prolonged stability and improved coating behavior of ECBs.