Abstract
Surgical simulation is becoming increasingly important in training cardiac surgeons. However, there are currently no training simulators capable of testing the quality of simulated heart valve procedures under dynamic physiologic conditions. Here we describe a dynamic ventricular simulator, consisting of a 3D printed valve suspension chamber and a model 1423 Harvard apparatus pulsatile pump, which can provide close to physiologic hemodynamic perfusion of porcine aortic roots attached to the valve chamber for education and training in cardiac surgery. The simulator was validated by using it to test aortic valve leaflet repairs (n = 6) and aortic valve replacements (n = 3) that were performed by two trainees. Procedural success could be evaluated by direct visualization of the opening and closing valve, hemodynamic measurements and echocardiography. We conclude that, unlike other methods of simulation, this novel ventricular simulator is able to test the functional efficacy of aortic procedures under dynamic physiologic conditions using clinically relevant echocardiographic and hemodynamic outcomes. While validated for valve surgery, other potential applications include ascending aortic interventions, coronary re-implantation or catheter-based valve replacements.