Abstract
As part of a program of research designed to investigate the long-term effects of early feeding experiences, the present study exploited the substantial flavor variation inherent in three classes of commercially available infant formulas and determined whether flavor preferences during childhood differed as a function of the class of formula (i.e., milk, soy, hydrolysate) that 4- to 5-year-old children were fed during their infancy. Age appropriate, game-like tasks that were fun for children and minimized the impact of language development were used to examine their preferences for a wide range of food-related odor qualities including infant formulas, as well as the flavor of milk-based and hydrolysate formulas and plain, sour- and bitter-flavored apple juices. Formula type influenced children's flavor preferences when tested several years after their last exposure to the formula. When compared to children who were fed milk-based formulas (n=27), children fed protein hydrolysate formulas (n=50) were more likely to prefer sour-flavored juices, as well as the odor and flavor of formulas, and less likely to make negative facial expressions during the taste tests. Those fed soy formulas (n=27) preferred the bitter-flavored apple juice. That the effects of differential formula feeding also modified children's food preferences is suggested by mothers' reports that children fed hydrolysate or soy formulas were significantly more likely to prefer broccoli than were those fed milk formulas. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that flavor experiences influence subsequent flavor preferences even several years following the early experience.