Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown significant efficacy in various solid tumors, but only a small subgroup of patients benefit from them because of immune resistance. Oncorine (formerly H101), a recombinant human adenovirus type 5, has direct anticancer properties and enhances cell-mediated immune responses. At present, few studies on the role of Oncorine in reversing resistance to ICIs have been reported. Here, we present a case with recurrent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The patient developed resistance to nivolumab therapy. After trying immunotherapy plus chemotherapy or antiangiogenesis therapy, the patient only obtained a transient response. The patient then received experimental treatment with Oncorine together with nivolumab and anlotinib. She experienced symptomatic improvement with a performance status score of 1, and achieved stable disease despite partial lung tissue necrosis. This was a successful exploration of oncolytic viruses reversing immune resistance.