Abstract
The demand for non-invasive, real-time health monitoring has driven advancements in wearable sensors for tracking biomarkers in sweat. Ammonium ions (NH(4)(+)) in sweat serve as indicators of metabolic function, muscle fatigue, and kidney health. Although current ion-selective all-solid-state printed sensors based on nanocomposites typically exhibit good sensitivity (~50 mV/log [NH(4)(+)]), low detection limits (LOD ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-7) M), and wide linearity ranges (from 10(-5) to 10(-1) M), few have reported the stability test results necessary for their integration into commercial products for future practical applications. This study presents a highly stable, wearable electrochemical sensor based on a composite of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for monitoring NH(4)(+) in sweat. The synergistic properties of Ni-based MOFs and rGO enhance the sensor's electrochemical performance by improving charge transfer rates and expanding the electroactive surface area. The MOF/rGO sensor demonstrates high sensitivity, with a Nernstian response of 59.2 ± 1.5 mV/log [NH(4)(+)], an LOD of 10(-6.37) M, and a linearity range of 10(-6) to 10(-1) M. Additionally, the hydrophobic nature of the MOF/rGO composite prevents water layer formation at the sensing interface, thereby enhancing long-term stability, while its high double-layer capacitance minimizes potential drift (7.2 µV/s (i = ±1 nA)) in short-term measurements. Extensive testing verified the sensor's exceptional stability, maintaining consistent performance and stable responses across varying NH(4)(+) concentrations over 7 days under ambient conditions. On-body tests further confirmed the sensor's suitability for the continuous monitoring of NH(4)(+) levels during physical activities. Further investigations are required to fully elucidate the impact of interference from other sweat components (such as K(+), Na(+), Ca(2+), etc.) and the influence of environmental factors (including the subject's physical activity, posture, etc.). With a clearer understanding of these factors, the sensor has the potential to emerge as a promising tool for wearable health monitoring applications.