Abstract
Functional segmental trachea reconstruction remains a remarkable challenge in the clinic. To date, functional trachea regeneration with alternant cartilage-fibrous tissue-mimetic structure similar to that of the native trachea relying on the three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has seen very limited breakthrough. This fact is mostly due to the lack of tissue-specific bioinks suitable for both cartilage and vascularized fibrous tissue regeneration, as well as the need for firm interfacial integration between stiff and soft tissues. Here, a novel strategy is developed for 3D bioprinting of cartilage-vascularized fibrous tissue-integrated trachea (CVFIT), utilizing photocrosslinkable tissue-specific bioinks. Both cartilage- and fibrous tissue-specific bioinks created by this study provide suitable printability, favorable biocompatibility, and biomimetic microenvironments for chondrogenesis and vascularized fibrogenesis based on the multicomponent synergistic effect through the hybrid photoinitiated polymerization reaction. As such, the tubular analogs are successfully bioprinted and the ring-to-ring alternant structure is tightly integrated by the enhancement of interfacial bonding through the amidation reaction. The results from both the trachea regeneration and the in situ trachea reconstruction demonstrate the satisfactory tissue-specific regeneration along with realization of mechanical and physiological functions. This study thus illustrates the 3D-bioprinted native tissue-like trachea as a promising alternative for clinical trachea reconstruction.