Abstract
Mudskippers are a group of extant ray-finned fishes with an amphibious lifestyle and serve as exemplars for understanding the evolution of amphibious capabilities in teleosts. A comprehensive anatomical profile of both the soft and hard tissues within their propulsive fins is essential for advancing our understanding of terrestrial locomotor adaptations in fish. Despite the ecological significance of mudskippers, detailed data on their musculoskeletal anatomy remains limited. In the present research, we utilized contrast-enhanced high-resolution microcomputed tomography (μCT) imaging to investigate the barred mudskipper, Periophthalmus argentilineatus. This technique enabled detailed reconstruction and quantification of the morphological details of the pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins of this terrestrial mudskipper, facilitating comparison with its aquatic relatives. Our findings reveal that P. argentilineatus has undergone complex musculoskeletal adaptations for terrestrial movement, including an increase in muscle complexity and muscle volume, as well as the development of specialized structures like aponeuroses for pectoral fin extension. Skeletal modifications are also evident, with features such as a reinforced shoulder-pelvic joint and thickened fin rays. These evolutionary modifications suggest biomechanically advanced fins capable of overcoming the gravitational challenges of terrestrial habitats, indicating a strong selective advantage for these features in land-based environments. The unique musculoskeletal modifications in the fins of mudskippers like P. argentilineatus, compared with their aquatic counterparts, mark a critical evolutionary shift toward terrestrial adaptations. This study not only sheds light on the specific anatomical changes facilitating this transition but also offers broader insights into the early evolutionary mechanisms of terrestrial locomotion, potentially mirroring the transformative journey from aquatic to terrestrial life in the lineage leading to tetrapods.