Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine tenofovir (TFV) penetration into intraocular tissues using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). METHODS: Nineteen participants taking tenofovir in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimen who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) surgery were enrolled in the observational retrospective study between January 2019 and August 2021. The participants were divided into mild, moderate, and severe groups according to retinal manifestations. Basic information was recorded during PPV surgery. Paired blood plasma and vitreous humor samples (n = 19) were collected for UHPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS: The median plasma and vitreous tenofovir concentrations were 106.00 ng/mL (interquartile range[IQR], 54.6-142.5) and 41.40 ng/mL (IQR 9.4-91.6), respectively. The median vitreous/plasma concentration ratio from the paired samples was 0.42 (IQR 0.16-0.84). The plasma and vitreous tenofovir concentrations were significantly correlated (r = 0.483, P = 0.036). The median vitreous tenofovir concentration was the lowest in the mild group (4.58 ng/mL). Six vitreous samples were below 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) (11.5 ng/mL), and 2 of them were undetectable. Significant differences were noted in vitreous/plasma and vitreous tenofovir concentrations ( P = 0.035 and P = 0.045, respectively) among the 3 groups but not in plasma tenofovir concentration ( P = 0.577). No correlation was noted between vitreous HIV-1 RNA and vitreous tenofovir concentrations (r = 0.049, P = 0.845). CONCLUSION: Vitreous tenofovir did not reliably or consistently achieve concentrations sufficient to inhibit viral replication in intraocular tissues due to poor penetration of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). The higher vitreous tenofovir concentrations were associated with moderate or severe disease compared with mild disease, indicating an association with the severity of BRB disruption.