Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a member of the lipocalin family and a vitamin A carrier in the blood. More recently, RBP4 has been described as an adipokine that is involved in insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (MetS). As obesity, MetS and some adipokines contribute to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), we investigated RBP4 in patients with OA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cartilage, synovial fluid and blood samples were collected from 100 OA patients undergoing total knee replacement surgery. Primary chondrocytes and cartilage tissue were cultured to measure the RBP4 expression. The concentrations of RBP4, other adipokines (adipsin, adiponectin, leptin and resistin) and biomarkers of OA (COMP, MMP-1, MMP-3 and YKL-40) were measured by immunoassay, and gene expression was measured by next-generation RNA sequencing. RESULTS: The OA cartilage samples released RBP4 into the culture medium, and the levels correlated positively with the expression of the adipokines adipsin, adiponectin, leptin and resistin. RBP4 was the most prominently expressed of these adipokines in the OA chondrocytes, and the expression of the RBP4 receptors STRA6 (stimulated by retinoic acid gene homologue 6) and TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) was also detected. Within the cartilage culture medium, RBP4 showed a positive correlation with MMP-1, MMP-3 and YKL-40. RBP4 was also present in the synovial fluid from the OA patients and correlated positively with the concentrations of RBP4 found in the plasma and the cartilage culture medium. Plasma RBP4 concentrations also showed a positive correlation with MMP-3 and adipsin. CONCLUSIONS: We show here, for the first time, that RBP4 is produced within OA joints and that it is associated with increased levels of adipokines and MMPs. The results suggest a role for RBP4 in the pathogenesis of OA and as a possible target for the disease-modifying drugs for the treatment of OA.