Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) enable RNA delivery, primarily via intramuscular (IM) injection, catalyzing breakthroughs like the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. LNPs encapsulate RNA, using ionizable lipids for endosomal escape and PEG-lipids for stability. IM administration leverages muscle tissue's immune-rich environment, enabling localized antigen production, reduced systemic toxicity, and scalability. Challenges include cold-chain dependence, RNA instability, and immunogenicity from PEG/lipids. Future advancements, driven by AI (e.g. AGILE platform), hybrid lipid-polymer systems, and stimuli-responsive formulations, aim to enhance controlled release and stability. Innovations like thermostable lyophilized LNPs and biodegradable materials promise improved accessibility and safety. Beyond pandemics, LNPs hold potential for accelerating vaccines against HIV and malaria, and advancing personalized medicine through CRISPR therapies and cancer neoantigen vaccines. Interdisciplinary efforts in chemistry, immunology, and AI are poised to expand RNA therapeutics for genetic disorders, infectious diseases, and precision oncology. Evolving from emergency tools to mainstream platforms, LNPs herald a paradigm shift toward equitable access and tailored treatments for unmet clinical needs.