Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are influenced by both genetic abnormalities and environmental toxicants. Among environmental risk factors, endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) and pharmaceutical drugs such as valproic acid (VPA) have been associated with an increased risk of autism. In this study, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived forebrain organoids were used to model early neurodevelopmental disruptions induced by BPA and VPA exposure. On day 62 of differentiation, forebrain organoids were treated with physiologically relevant concentrations of BPA or VPA for 28 days. Following treatment, morphological, molecular, and electrophysiological changes were assessed across experimental conditions. Both compounds produced distinct alterations in organoid morphology, neurodevelopmental gene expression, and network electrical activity, with VPA inducing markedly stronger effects. Overall, these data suggest forebrain organoids as a robust, physiologically relevant in vitro model system for studying neurodevelopment. This platform enables systematic investigation of environmental and pharmacological risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders.