Abstract
Selenium is present in proteins in the form of selenocysteine, where this amino acid serves catalytic oxidoreductase functions. The use of selenocysteine in nature is strongly associated with redox catalysis. However, selenium is also found in a 2-selenouridine moiety at the wobble position of tRNA(Glu), tRNA(Gln) and tRNA(Lys). It is thought that the modifications of the wobble position of the tRNA improves the selectivity of the codon-anticodon pair as a result of the physico-chemical changes that result from substitution of sulfur and selenium for oxygen. Both selenocysteine and 2-selenouridine have widespread analogs, cysteine and thiouridine, where sulfur is used instead. To examine the role of selenium in 2-selenouridine, we comparatively analyzed the oxidation reactions of sulfur-containing 2-thiouracil-5-carboxylic acid (s(2)c(5)Ura) and its selenium analog 2-selenouracil-5-carboxylic acid (se(2)c(5)Ura) using (1)H-NMR spectroscopy, (77)Se-NMR spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Treatment of s(2)c(5)Ura with hydrogen peroxide led to oxidized intermediates, followed by irreversible desulfurization to form uracil-5-carboxylic acid (c(5)Ura). In contrast, se(2)c(5)Ura oxidation resulted in a diselenide intermediate, followed by conversion to the seleninic acid, both of which could be readily reduced by ascorbate and glutathione. Glutathione and ascorbate only minimally prevented desulfurization of s(2)c(5)Ura, whereas very little deselenization of se(2)c(5)Ura occurred in the presence of the same antioxidants. In addition, se(2)c(5)Ura but not s(2)c(5)Ura showed glutathione peroxidase activity, further suggesting that oxidation of se(2)c(5)Ura is readily reversible, while oxidation of s(2)c(5)Ura is not. The results of the study of these model nucleobases suggest that the use of 2-selenouridine is related to resistance to oxidative inactivation that otherwise characterizes 2-thiouridine. As the use of selenocysteine in proteins also confers resistance to oxidation, our findings suggest a common mechanism for the use of selenium in biology.