Abstract
BACKGROUND: Limited data are available regarding the long-term functional outcomes and associated factors in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) undergoing ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placement. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the long-term outcomes of iNPH patients treated with VPS. METHODS: Functional outcomes were assessed preoperatively and at 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year intervals postoperatively using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), the iNPH grading scale (iNPHGS), and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS: Significant improvements were observed in mRS and iNPHGS scores at 1, 2, and 3 years post-surgery compared to the baseline level. MMSE scores showed significant improvement at 1-year and 3-year follow-ups. Multivariate regression analysis identified key factors influencing changes in mRS scores: postoperative complications and education level at 1 year, postoperative complications at 2 years, and sex, education level, postoperative complications, and smoking at 3 years. For iNPHGS scores, significant factors included sex, age at surgery, and smoking at 1 and 2 years. Changes in MMSE scores were associated with sex and the duration of preoperative symptoms at 1 year, and postoperative complications, education level, and smoking at 3 years. CONCLUSION: This study affirmed the efficacy and safety of VPS in managing iNPH. Factors influencing postoperative outcomes predominantly included education level, smoking, duration of preoperative symptoms, and postoperative complications. However, further research is required to validate these findings.