Abstract
PURPOSE: To identify whether and which of pathological features of sarcomatoid differentiation (SD) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can be used as independent predictors associated with overall survival (OS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: After institutional review board approval, patients with a diagnosis of sarcomatoid RCC (sRCC), spindled RCC, or RCC with the presence of spindle cells between 2003 and 2017 were further selected and re-examined. The primary pathological features including histological subtypes, tumor necrosis, Ki-67 index of SD, and the percent of SD (%SD) were included into analysis. Histological subtypes were categorized into clear-cell RCC and nonclear-cell RCC. Ki-67 index of SD was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. %SD was estimated through reviewing all of the tumor sections microscopically and then giving an approximate %SD within the entire tumor. The clinical relevant prognostic predictor's association with OS was analyzed within Cox proportional hazards regression models. Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and OS differences were compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS: A total of 2,089 consecutive patients of RCC were referred to our department, of whom 62 (3.0%) patients were identified with histological element of SD after re-examining the available slides of suspicious cases. Finally, 53 patients were included into survival analysis after excluding 9 patients without adequate information. Thirty-eight (71.7%) patients died at last follow-up. The median OS for all patients was 11.0 months from the date of surgery. In patients with clinical distant metastasis (cM(1)), the median OS was only 3 compared with 21 months for patients with no clinical distant metastasis (cM(0)). Tumor stage, status of clinical distant metastasis, Ki-67 index, and %SD were independent predictors of multivariate analysis in overall 53 patients. However, in the cohort of cM(0) patients, we found that only %SD and Ki-67 index were two independent predictors of OS in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Patients with sRCC are associated with very poor prognosis. Ki-67 index of SD and %SD were identified as the two most important independent predictors particularly for nonmetastatic patients. The limitations of our study were also observed, and further studies are needed.